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'The Raggle Taggle Gypsy' (Roud 1, Child 200), is a traditional folk song that originated as a Scottish border ballad, and has been popular throughout Britain, Ireland and North America. It concerns a rich lady who runs off to join the gypsies (or one gypsy). Common alternative names are 'Gypsy Davy', 'The Raggle Taggle Gypsies O', 'The Gypsy Laddie(s)', 'Black Jack David' (or 'Davy') and 'Seven Yellow Gypsies'.

Popularity[edit]

In the folk tradition the song was extremely popular, spread all over the English-speaking world by broadsheets and oral tradition. It went under a great many titles, including 'Black Jack Davy', 'The Gypsy Laddie', 'The Draggletail Gypsies', 'Seven Yellow Gypsies' and 'Johnnie Faa'. According to Roud and Bishop,

'Definitely in the top five Child ballads in terms of widespread popularity, and possibly second only to 'Barbara Allen', the Gypsies stealing the lady, or, to put it the other way round, the lady running off with the sexy Gypsies, has caught singers' attention all over the anglophone world for more than 200 years. For obvious reasons, the song has long been a favourite with members of the travelling community.'^[1]

The song was also published in books. Robert Burns used the song in his Reliques of Robert Burns; consisting chiefly of original letters, poems, and critical observations on Scottish songs (1808). Due to the Romanichal origins of the main protagonist Davie or Johnny Faa, the ballad was translated into Anglo-Romany in 1890 by the Gypsy Lore Society.^[2][3]

One version, collected and set to piano accompaniment by Cecil Sharp, reached a much wider public. Under the title 'The Wraggle Taggle Gypsies O!', it was published in several collections, most notably one entitled English Folk Songs for Schools,^[4] leading the song to be taught to generations of English school children.

In America, the country music recording industry spread versions of the song by such notable musicians as Cliff Carlisle and the Carter Family, and later by the rockabilly singer Warren Smith, under the title 'Black Jack David'. In the American folk music revival, Woody Guthrie sang and copyrighted a version he called 'Gypsy Davy' (which was later also sung by his son Arlo).

The Cecil Sharp sheet music version was occasionally used by jazz musicians, for example the instrumental 'Raggle Taggle' by the Territory band Boots and His Buddies, and the vocal recording by Maxine Sullivan.

Synopsis[edit]

The core of the song's story is that a lady forsakes a life of luxury to run off with a band of gypsies. In some versions there is one individual, named, for example as Johnny Faa or Black Jack Davy. In some versions there is one leader and his six brothers. In one local tradition, the lady is identified as the wife of the Earl of Cassilis. In some versions the gypsies charm her with their singing, or even cast a spell over her. In a typical version, the lord comes home to find his lady 'gone with the gypsy laddie'. He saddles his fastest horse to follow her. He finds her and bids her come home, asking 'Would you forsake your husband and child?' She refuses to return: in many versions preferring the cold ground ('What care I for your fine feather sheets?') and the gypsy's company to her lord's wealth and fine bed. At the end of some versions the husband kills the gypsies. In the local Cassilis tradition, they are hanged on the Cassilis Dule Tree.

Origins[edit]

The earliest text may be 'The Gypsy Loddy', published in the Roxburghe Ballads with an assigned date of 1720. A more certain date is 1740, the publication of Allan Ramsay's Tea-Table Miscellany, which included the ballad as of 'The Gypsy Johnny Faa'. Differences between the two texts suggest that they derive from one or more earlier versions. They were followed by several printings, often copying Ramsay. It was then printed by most of the nineteenth century broadside printers.^[5]

In 'The Gypsy Loddie'

As soon as her fair face they saw
They called their grandmother over

This is assumed to be a corruption of They cast their glamour over her (i.e. they cast a spell), not vice versa. This is the motivation in many texts for the lady leaving her lord; in others she leaves of her own free will.^[6]

In some texts the lord is identifies as 'Cassilis', and a local tradition identifies him as the John Kennedy 6th Earl of Cassilis. B. H. Bronson^[7] discovered that a tune in the Skene manuscripts and dated earlier than 1600, resembles later tunes for this song and is entitled 'Lady Cassiles Lilt'.^[8] The inference is that a song concerning Lord and Lady Cassilis existed before the two earliest manuscripts, and was the source of both.

Nick Tosches, in his Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock 'N' Roll, spends part of his first chapter examining the song's history. He compares the song's narrative to the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice. The ballad, according to Tosches, retells the story of John Faa, a 17th-century outlaw, described as a Scottish Gypsy, and Lady Jane Hamilton, wife of The Earl of Cassilis. Lord Cassilis led a band of men (some sources say 16, others 7), to abduct her. They were caught and hanged on the 'Dool Tree' in 1643. The 'Gypsies' were killed (except for one, who escaped) and Lady Jane Hamilton was imprisoned for the remainder of her life, dying in 1642.^[9]

Related songs[edit]

The song 'The Whistling Gypsy' also describes a lady running off with a 'gypsy rover'. However, there is no melancholy, no hardship and no conflict.

The song 'Lizzie Lindsay' has a similar theme. Robert Burns adapted the song into 'Sweet Tibby Dunbar', a shorter version of the story. There is also a children's version by Elizabeth Mitchell which has lyrical content changed to be about a young girl 'charming hearts of the ladies', and sailing 'across the deep blue sea, where the skies are always sunny'.

Although the hero of this song is often called 'Johnny Faa' or even 'Davy Faa', he should not be confused with the hero/villain of 'Davy Faa (Remember the Barley Straw)'. [Silber and Silber misidentify all their texts] as deriving from 'Child 120', which is actually 'Robin Hood's Death'. According to The Faber Book of Ballads the name Faa was common among Gypsies in the 17th century.

Recordings[edit]

A vast number of artists and groups have recorded the song. This selection is limited to artists and/or albums found in other Wikipedia articles:

Broadsides[edit]

• Bodleian, Harding B 11(1446), 'Gypsy Laddie', W. Stephenson (Gateshead), 1821–1838; also Harding B 11(2903), 'Gypsy Loddy'; Harding B 19(45), 'The Dark-Eyed Gipsy O'; Harding B 25(731), 'Gipsy Loddy'; Firth b.25(220), 'The Gipsy Laddy'; Harding B 11(1317), 'The Gipsy Laddie, O'; Firth b.26(198), Harding B 15(116b), 2806 c.14(140), 'The Gipsy Laddie'; Firth b.25(56), 'Gypsie Laddie'
• Murray, Mu23-y3:030, 'The Gypsy Laddie', unknown, 19C
• NLScotland, L.C.Fol.178.A.2(092), 'The Gipsy Laddie', unknown, c. 1875

References[edit]

1. ^Roud, Steve & Julia Bishop (2012). The New Penguin Book of Folk Songs. Penguin. ISBN978-0-14-119461-5. p. 446
2. ^Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society Vol. II, London 1890–91
3. ^The English and Scottish popular ballads By Francis James Child
4. ^Baring Gould, Sabine and Cecil Sharp English Folk Songs for Schools. 1906. Curwen.
5. ^Roud & Bishop, p. 447.
6. ^quoted in Roud & Bishop, p. 447.
7. ^Bronson, Bernard Harris, The Traditional Tunes of The Child Ballads, Princeton University Press. 1959–1972. Cited by Roud & Bishop p 447.
8. ^Child, 'Raggle-Taggle Gypsies'.
9. ^Tosches, Nick. (1996). Country: The Twisted Roots of Rock 'N' Roll. Da Capo Press. ISBN0-306-80713-0.
10. ^President Records / Jay Boy JSX2009

External links[edit]

• 'The Wraggle Taggle Gipsies-O' melody and lyrics
• Origins: 'The Raggle-Taggle Gypsy' at The Mudcat Café
• Covers at SecondHandSongs
• Covers at WhoSampled
• The Gypsy Laddie / Seven Yellow Gipsies / Raggle Taggle Gipsies at mainlynorfolk.info

A fruit press is a device used to separate fruit solids - stems, skins, seeds, pulp, leaves, and detritus - from fruit juice.

History[edit]

Song Black Jack Davey

In the United States, Madeline Turner invented the Turner's Fruit-Press, in 1916.^[1][2]

Cider press[edit]

A cider press is used to crush apples or pears. In North America, the unfiltered juice is referred to as cider, becoming known as apple juice once filtered; in Britain it is referred to as juice regardless of whether it is filtered or not (the term cider is reserved for the fermented (alcoholic) juice). Other products include cider vinegar, (hard) cider, apple wine, apple brandy, and apple jack.

The traditional cider press is a ram press. Apples are ground up and placed in a cylinder, and a piston exerts pressure. The cylinder and/or piston is 'leaky'^{[clarification needed]} and the juice is forced from the solids. The traditional cider press has not changed much since the early modern period. The only difference being that in earlier versions of the press horses were used to power the machine. Diderot's Encyclopedie offers a portrayal of the traditional cider press,

'This is how the cider mill is made. Imagine a circular trough made of wood connected to two wooden millstones like those used in a windmill, but fixed differently. In a windmill, they are horizontal, but in the cider mill they are placed in the trough vertically. They are fixed to a vertical piece of wood that turns on itself and which is placed in the centre of the circular part of the trough; a long axle passes through them; the axle is joined to the vertical axis; its other end juts out from the trough; a horse → is harnessed to it; the ← horse → pulls the axle by walking round the trough, which also moves the pressing stones in the trough where the apples are pounded. When they are judged to be sufficiently crushed, that is to say, enough for all the juice to be extracted from them, the apples are removed with a wooden spade and put into a large vat nearby. Enough apples are pounded to make a pulp or pomace.' ^[3]

Cider presses often have attachments to grind the apples prior to pressing. Such combination devices are commonly referred to as cider mills.

In communities with many small orchards, it is common for one or more persons to have a large cider mill for community use. These community mills allow orchard owners to avoid the capital, space, and maintenance requirements for having their own mill. These larger mills are typically powered by electrical or gasoline engines. Mill operators also deal with the solids, which attract wasps or hornets. Cider mills typically give patrons a choice between paying by the gallon/litre or splitting the cider with the mill operator.

Larger orchardists may prefer to have their own presses because it saves on fees, or because it reduces cartage. Orchardists of any size may believe their own sanitation practices to be superior to that of community mills, as some patrons of community mills may make cider from low quality fruit (windfall apples, or apples with worms). Those making speciality ciders, such as pear cider, may want to have their own press.

The world's largest cider press is located in Berne, Indiana USA.^{[citation needed]}

Wine press[edit]

A wine press is a device used to pressgrapes during wine making.

Oil press[edit]

An oil press is a device used to extract oil from plants and fruits.

DIY fruit press[edit]

Given the simplicity of the design, and high usability with some people (e.g. those owning an orchard), some people have started building their own do-it-yourself (DIY) fruit press and have uploaded detailed instructions on how to do so.

See also[edit]

Black Jack Davey Cider Press Machine

References[edit]

1. ^'Madeline M. Turner'. Food Production and Processing. California State University. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
2. ^David M. Foy (2 February 2012). Great Discoveries and Inventions by African-Americans: Fourth Edition. AuthorHouse. p. 85. ISBN978-1-4685-2435-2.
3. ^quod.lib.umich.edu

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). '^{article name needed}'. Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.

Black Jack Davey Cider Press Reviews

External links[edit]

Black Jack Davey Cider Press Conference

Black Jack Davey